A Review of Ebora Viral Disease Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Review of Ebora Viral Disease. Answer: Ebola Viral Disease EBOV is the agent responsible for the transmission of Ebola disease. This disease has spawned several epidemics the past four decades. For instance, in 2014, Ebola became an epidemic after spreading from Africa to other continents. The fact that the there was no effective treatment confused the whole world. This virus has a relatively unique structure. It is lethal, and it has a high infectivity rate which even makes it hard to control. This paper will provide a review of the acknowledged facts of Ebola virus disease (EVD), its etiological facts, epidemiology, and information regarding its management. Epidemiology The world label Ebola virus as an emerging and re-emerging pathogen. Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or EVD was first reported in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the 1976 outbreak (Rosello et al., 2015). Since then, there have been numerous additional EVD outbreaks. The dangerous one occurred in 2000-2001 in Gulu District, Uganda. The outbreak caused 425 cases which lead to 53% fatality rate (Shears O'Dempsey, 2015). The Ebola strain in West Africa exhibits is homologically 97% similar to the DRC sample (Shoman, Karafillakis Rawaf, 2017). This strain has a record of causing the highest mortality of 90%. The recent case of EVD epidemic happened in Guinea in December 2013. By August 17, 2014, the disease had spread forcing WHO to declare it as an epidemic (Chan, 2014). By mid-September 2014, Ebola's fatality rate had stretched to 70.8% which also remained constant within Guinea, Sierra Leon and Liberia (Rosello et al., 2015). Nigeria showed a lower fatality of 45.5%. In Nigeria, the fatality rate remained lower at 45.5%. However, studies base their current assessments on just 11 latest cases. The in-patient fatality rate recorded 64.3 percent (Shears O'Dempsey, 2015). This valuation was lower when compared with all patients with clear outcomes. This rate was also consistent with rates from other countries. A health worker died in Liberia. Also, the number of new cases increased every week despite having multisectoral and multinational participation in countering the disease. At the same time, some of the humanitarian aid practitioners had to go back to their countries for medical care after contracting Ebola (Kaner Schaack, 2016). These workers had contacted the disease despite wearing the personal protection equipment (PPE). One of them led the case of Ebola in Spain. In October 2014, Liberia citizen traveled to Dallas, Texas. He was hospitalized and died of Ebola. This patient led to the infection of other individuals some of them being two healthcare workers who also had their PPE (Mbonye et al., 2014). The WHO Ebola Response Team predicted an increase of deaths by November 2014 urging the global community to respond to more efficient methods of managing the diseases (Mbonye et al., 2014). Agents of EVD EBOV belong to the species Zaire ebolavirus, the genus Ebolavirus, and the family Filoviridae (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). The genus Ebolavirus has five different viruses. These include the Sudan virus (SUDV), Bundibugyo virus, EBOV, Reston virus, and Tai Forest virus (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). Among these, EBOV causes EHF and it has the highest fatality rate between 57 and 90 percent in humans (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). SUDV follows with a rate between 41 and 65 percent. Bundibugyo virus has a fatality rate of percent (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). The work of (Sanford, West Jacob, 2017) states that Tai Forest virus has only caused two human infections which are nonfatal. Reston virus is the causing agent for asymptomatic condition in humans. The Structure Filoviridae Both the MARV and EBOV genomes encode seven protein structures. The study of (Kaner Schaack, 2016) states that EBOV encoding two nonstructural soluble glycoproteins (GP). These are the small soluble GP product and the soluble GP (Hoenen et al., 2015). MARV strains have only one species known as the Lake Victoria marburgvirus. eBOV strains have four distinct species (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). These are the Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) and Cte dIvoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV). However, there is a newly discovered species proposed to be the fifth one called the Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) (Ealy, 2016). These species exhibit a variance in their pathogenic effects on humans. The most pathogenic are ZEBOV which has a fatality rate of up to 90 percent (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). SEBOV follows with a fatality rate of 50%. BEBOV follows third with a fatality rate of 40%. Records link REBOV and CIEBOV with lethal infections in other primates apart from human beings. The EBOV and MARV's systematic viral replication causes the increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, abnormalities in the coagulation and problems in the fluid distribution (Greenwood Barer, 2012). These processes cause vascular leakage and hemorrhage which eventually causes organ failure and shock. The 1979 discoveries were the first to confirm ZEBOV as the fatal species (Greenwood Barer, 2012). These species held a fatality rating going up to a level of 90% in humans and 100% lethality. Reservoir Recent evidence has confirmed that bats play a potential role as the most likely reservoir species of filoviruses. Medical experts believe that EHF persists in reservoir species located within endemic regions. Mammalian species like man and Ape seem to be more susceptive to Ebola virus infections as last hosts of Ebola rather than being the reservoir (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). Despite various studies trying to establish a potential host, there has been no host linked to Ebola. However, the study of (Kaner Schaack, 2016) states that rodents and bats could be possible reservoir species. Other reviews on arthropods have always been negative, including bedbugs that can bite different persons. Environment Factors and the Spread of EVD Viruses are acellular, an obligate organism that needs a host to remain active. Hosts provide an environment where virus's viral receptor attaches to the host's plasma membrane (Greenwood Barer, 2012). Eventually, the virus genome gets integrated into the hosts DNA. As the host's cell undergo subdivisions, the viral genome also rapidly undergoes subdivision. The result of the viral genome subdivision supports rapid mutation which increases its pathogenicity (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). The presence of glycoproteins in the host allows the enveloped virus to infect the host. These glycoproteins play a significant role in communication between the infected cells and other cells (Singh Ruzek, 2013). They also sustain the virus when it comes to an outside environment. Most of the enveloped viruses exist in the animal wastes such as feces and urine and feces. This kind of environment facilitates the persistence of the enveloped virus once outside the hosts body. In this regard, it is critical that people should maintain a clean environment as a means for controlling the emergence of Ebola disease. For instance, many African countries have poor sanitation which presents a high risk to entire public health. Poor sanitation in African can be one of the reasons behind high cases of EVD mortality rate (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). Another environmental factor is contaminated water since Ebola transmission mainly works through contact with fluids. Another environmental contribution is the scarcity of food. In Africa, the people's interaction while they search for food and their contact with infected animals can lead to the transmission of Ebola (Vidal, 2017). Poverty is also a contributing factor to the occurrence of EVD. People in developing countries lack basic needs, and government resources are scarce which leads to population displacement as people search for resources (Shoman, Karafillakis Rawaf, 2017). This factor becomes a significant contribution especially where one person is a carrier. These are some of the environmental factors that facilitate the reemerging cases of Ebola. Transmission Most of EVD cases result from body contact with an infected animal or person. Nevertheless, all cases of transmission between people occur through coming into contact with contaminated body fluid. These fluids can be breast milk, blood, vomitus, saliva, sweat, urine, stool, tears, or respiratory secretions from an infected patient (Ealy, 2016). Another main cause is body contact with infected objects. This form of transmission occurs when an uninfected person uses contaminated objects in their mouths or eyes (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). This mode of transmission keeps home caregivers at the highest risk of exposure since they do not have PPE. Some studies state that of EBOV and MARV can spread via aerosol particles but this method has rarely happened either in the case of a hospital or a home setting infection (Vidal, 2017). Sexual contact has also proved to be a possible mode of transmission. EVD virus has been traced in semen and remains until after seven weeks of recovery. People are advised to use condoms during sexual intercourse. Mothers should also stop breastfeeding their children for at least three months after recovery as a preventive measure. Diagnosis Ebola virus takes 2 to 21 day as the incubation period. The shorter incubation periods correlate with exposure to a more massive load of virus (Nelson, 2014). Viremia corresponds to the abrupt start of signs and symptoms of the EVD. The WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have confirmed the effective criteria for the diagnosis of EVD. One of these is a sudden emergence of high fever. Also, a patient may develop a headache, diarrhea, lethargy, reduced appetite, vomiting, hiccupping, painful joints and muscles, stomach pains, dyspnea, or dysphagia (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). With the occurrence of the named signs, a position confirmation requires a positive serology test for Ebola virus. There are multiple serologic tests for the confirmation and diagnosis of EVD. One of these is the antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Vidal, 2017). Another test is reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay and electron microscopy (Park, Lee, Lee, Jee Choi, 2016). These technological methods are widely available, but their associated biohazards hiders many world laboratories from safely utilizing them. The only place for performing these tests is in a level-4 biosafety facility (Burd, 2014). These viruses are highly virulent and have higher chances of transmission via an aerosol. This state also gives them a higher mortality rate. Apart from that, the equipment for the mentioned tests are not movable, and the tests results take longer (Burd, 2014). The WHO has requested for proposals for coming up with a portable device. The conditions for these devices are that they should not need a biosafety level-4 facility and would provide Ebola results in less than three hours (Zhang et al., 2017). The devices should also have a high level of specificity and selectivity. Such a device is essential for identifying individuals requiring isolation more quickly. It will also help in the identifications of those individuals having similar symptoms but suspected to have been exposed to the virus. Treatment and prevention There have been major developments in the studies of EBOV and MARV on several animal models. However, no study has presented a licensed vaccine or an approved treatment (Martnez, Salim, Hurtado Kilgore, 2015). This means that any person working within the containment facilities, or people living within the areas marked with infection are a higher risk of possible infection. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of passive transfer of serum obtained from a patient who survived Junin virus or Lassa virus (Dye et al., 2012). However, the efficacy of this therapies requires treatment to start immediately after infection. On the other hand, this method does not work in treating filovirus infections. During the 1995 EBOV outbreak in DRC, specialists transferred whole blood from convalescent EBOV to eight patients who had EBOV (Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). Out of these, only one patient who did not survive. This case brought a lethality rate of 12.5% which was significantly lower than the overall 80% fatality cases of EBOV epidemic(Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). However, the concept does not explain the role of antibodies since the patient received whole blood instead just antibodies. The 1995 epidemic led to the production of equine IgG product from WHO (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). The equine IgG came from horses hyper vaccinated with EBOV. Though equine IgG had some success in hamadryas baboons, it could only delay the death of cynomolgus macaques instead of protecting them. Recently, there has been great attention towards unlicensed treatments and vaccines. One of this was a cocktail drug (ZMapp), humanized-mouse antibodies (Ledgerwood et al., 2017). This one forms a part of the several therapeutics showing promising results with primates which are nonhuman. ZMapp demonstrated clinical improvements on two US citizens who were evacuated from Liberia (Vidal, 2017). Another therapeutics trials are RNA polymerase inhibitors and small interfering RNA nanoparticles. There has been a success when small interfering RNAs was used in treating primate and guinea pigs, the non-humans who had Ebola diseases (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). The results imply that RNA interference could work efficiently as vaccination treatment strategies for patients with EVD or other VHF causative agents (Nelson, 2014). Unfortunately, there is a challenge in the production cost issues which can frustrate this approach. Another therapy is a preclinical evaluation. This one has also been initiated for different proposed vaccines. One of these is chimpanzee adenovirus vector vaccine (Ledgerwood et al., 2017). Another proposed vaccine includes vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes. Scientists have been trying to develop different vaccines and treatment against filoviruses for the past decades. Though no vaccine or treatment platforms have proven to be highly effective, most of them have been successful in EBOV and MARV infections (Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). Some of these include Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV), Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particle Vaccine, virus-like particles, Replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 vectors, and replication competent recombinant human parainfluenza virus 3 (Wu et al., 2015). All these vaccines have proven to be successful in nonhuman primates models. The rVSV platform has been a more reliable vaccine against filoviruses (Wu et al., 2015). There have been various evaluations of the effectiveness of rVSV in vaccines. The researchers have noted protective efficacy with rVSV against ZEBOV and MARV infections. However, there is no information regarding the use of rVSV on post-exposure (Nelson, 2014). Since rVSV is a vaccine that triggers the body to respond with extreme immune activity, it has worked in overcoming filovirus-driven suppression. It manages to inhibit the replication of hence preventing the spread of an infection. Studies have shown that rVSVs targets the same cells that filoviruses target, so their viral interference causes a block to MARK and EBOV replication (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Currently, there are at least several promising vaccine schemes for full protection against MARV or EBOV infection in nonhuman primates (Nelson, 2014). All of them have shown efficacy in nonhuman primate on filoviral hemorrhagic fever. Out of them, the two best options are the one established on a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5, and rVSV which has proven perfect protection when administered as a single injection to other primates except the humans (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Currently, there are no licensed vaccines for EBOV or MARV for humans. Despite that EBOV and MARV hemorrhagic fevers rarely occur, having a vaccine in place could be an important preventive mechanism (Sanford, West Jacob, 2017). This move can be important in case an epidemic of such infection occurs. There is a hope that activated protein C, a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor and modipafant could be a forthcoming solution for cases of Ebola infections (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Studies have given an insight that transgenic mice exhibiting extreme levels of human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) intensities could resist more to fatal Ebola infections when compared with wild-type mice (Wu et al., 2015). These results suggest that modulation of MBL activities can be one area for advanced clinical assessment. Key Preventive Interventions There are various primary prevention approaches. The first one is rigorous precaution actions within a healthcare setting. The leading risk of Ebola transmission happens in the situations where patients do not get detected or isolated immediately after exposure (Vidal, 2017). Therefore, those patients who have already been diagnosed are less risky. The second method of prevention focuses on education. The society needs education and support regarding infections (Nelson, 2014). It needs to understand the risk of getting in contact with bodies of people who have died of Ebola. For instance, some communities need to modify their traditional burial programs that take long preparations. Burials that take extended preparations increases chances of direct contacts with the fluids from the deceased. This issue of burials is culturally sensitive (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). Those offering education programs need to exercise cultural awareness and use of appropriate educational program resources. The next preventive method is to evade all forms of direct contacts and products from wild animals (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). Hunting communities should be encouraged to avoid meat from wild animals. People should also avoid direct contact with bats as they are the initial natural reservoir of Ebola virus. Avoiding bats can eradicate the risks of early exposure to Ebola infection. Precaution Practices Among Healthcare Workers Healthcare workers practices and knowledge involves reliable infection-prevention gears which include proper use of PPE to both the workers and the patients (Vidal, 2017). Different studies have shown that the major area of transmission is within a healthcare center whenever there is an outbreak. The process should start with the immediate isolation of any patient suspect to be exposed to the virus. Besides, strict precautions should be utmost while handling specimens to avoid chances of spread of the infection within care units (Nelson, 2014). Tools and other equipment should always be used such as eye protection, gowns, gloves, masks, and face protection. Moreover, the CDC policies suggest respiratory protection through N-95 respirators equipment (Nelson, 2014). Thorough disinfection and treatment of contaminated areas should be encouraged and decontaminating surfaces and care should be taken while handling objects used on patients. Conclusions Ebola disease is a saddening disease that reminds people that its outburst can emerge from anywhere and pose a risk the entire world. It is a disease that spreads rapidly whenever it gets out of control. The WHO endeavors to implement health operations in the high-risked countries to eradicate the possibility of the spread of EVD before it becomes an emergency situation. Although there have been significant improvements, a better surveillance remains a necessity. The primary transmission of Ebola virus occurs through contact with the infected person's body fluids. Therefore, healthcare workers can minimize the spread by tracing people who have been in contact with the patients since their exposure to the virus. References Rosello, A., Mossoko, M., Flasche, S., Van Hoek, A. J., Mbala, P., Camacho, A., Muyembe Tamfum, J.-J. (2015). Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1976-2014.eLife,4, e09015. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09015 Shears, P., O'Dempsey, T. (2015). Ebola virus disease in Africa: epidemiology and nosocomial transmission.Journal Of Hospital Infection,90(1), 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.01.002 Kaner, J., Schaack, S. (2016). Understanding Ebola: the 2014 epidemic.Globalization And Health,12(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0194-4 Chan, M. (2014). Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa No Early End to the Outbreak.New England Journal Of Medicine,371(13), 1183-1185. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1409859 Mbonye, A., Wamala, J., Nanyunja, M., Opio, A., Makumbi, I., Aceng, J. (2014). Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Disease Outbreak in West Africa- Lessons from Uganda.African Health Sciences,14(3), 495. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v14i3.1 Ledgerwood, J., DeZure, A., Stanley, D., Coates, E., Novik, L., Enama, M. et al. (2017). Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector Ebola Vaccine.New England Journal Of Medicine,376(10), 928-938. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1410863 Shoman, H., Karafillakis, E., Rawaf, S. (2017). The link between the West African Ebola outbreak and health systems in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone: a systematic review.Globalization And Health,13(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0224-2 Hoenen, T., Marzi, A., Scott, D., Feldmann, F., Callison, J., Safronetz, D. et al. (2015). Soluble Glycoprotein Is Not Required for Ebola Virus Virulence in Guinea Pigs.Journal Of Infectious Diseases,212(suppl 2), S242-S246. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv111 Lukashevich, I., Shirwan, H. (2014).Novel Technologies for Vaccine Development(1st ed.). Vienna: Springer Vienna. Nelson, K. (2014).Infectious disease epidemiology(3rd ed.). Burlington, Mass: Jones Bartlett. Rezza, G., Ippolito, G. (2017).Emerging and re-emerging viral infections(6th ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Weston, D., Burgess, A., Roberts, S. (2016).Infection prevention and control at a glance (1st ed.). John Wiley Sons. Sanford, C., West, T., Jacob, S. (2017). Ebola Virus Disease and Hemorrhagic Fevers.The Travel And Tropical Medicine Manual, 391-400. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-37506-1.00028-3 Greenwood, D., Barer, M. (2012).Medical microbiology(18th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Singh, S., Ruzek, D. (2013).Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers(1st ed.). London: CRC Press. Ealy, G. (2016).Ebola(1st ed.). SUDBURY: JONES BARTLETT LEARNING. Vidal, Y. (2017).How to Prevent the Spread of Ebola: Effective Strategies to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections(1st ed.). Lara Publications Inc. Park, S., Lee, Y., Lee, W., Jee, Y., Choi, W. (2016). One-Step Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Ebola and Marburg Viruses.Osong Public Health And Research Perspectives,7(3), 205-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.04.004 Burd, E. (2014). Ebola Virus: a Clear and Present Danger.Journal Of Clinical Microbiology,53(1), 4-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03115-14 Zhang, Y., Gong, Y., Wang, C., Liu, W., Wang, Z., Xia, Z. et al. (2017). Rapid deployment of a mobile biosafety level-3 laboratory in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases,11(5), e0005622. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005622 Martnez, M., Salim, A., Hurtado, J., Kilgore, P. (2015). Ebola Virus Infection: Overview and Update on Prevention and Treatment.Infectious Diseases And Therapy,4(4), 365-390. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40121-015-0079-5 Dye, J., Herbert, A., Kuehne, A., Barth, J., Muhammad, M., Zak, S. et al. (2012). Postexposure antibody prophylaxis protects nonhuman primates from filovirus disease.Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences,109(13), 5034-5039. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200409109 Gebre, Y., Gebre, T., Peters, A. (2014). The Ebola virus: a review of progress and development in research.Asian Pacific Journal Of Tropical Biomedicine,4(12), 928-936. https://dx.doi.org/10.12980/apjtb.4.201414b419 Wu, X., Yao, H., Wu, N., Gao, H., Wu, H., Jin, C. et al. (2015). Ebolavirus Vaccines: Progress in the Fight Against Ebola Virus Disease.Cellular Physiology And Biochemistry,37(5), 1641-1658. https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438531 de La Vega, M., Wong, G., Kobinger, G., Qiu, X. (2015). The Multiple Roles of sGP in Ebola Pathogenesis.Viral Immunology,28(1), 3-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2014.0068

Why This University Essay Sample For Graduate School Is So Important

Why This University Essay Sample For Graduate School Is So ImportantThe reason this university essay sample for graduate school is so important is because it is the best guide to writing a master thesis that I have ever seen. By reading this, you will know how to get your students to write their master's thesis essays and you will be able to show them what not to do.When you are working with graduate students, you need to realize that they are going to have a very different student experience than a student experience at school. A student will come into class and get a feel for the professors. They will observe what the teacher is doing in class and how the teacher interacts with the other students. They will also have a sense of what students in their class have done that was right or wrong.However, when the student has actually written a thesis, he or she is going to feel like they need to get up in front of the class and give a presentation. They want to make sure that they are pr epared. This is why the study guide for grad school is so important.This guide can be a great guideline to getting your students excited about getting the graduate level education that they really deserve. It is really just a matter of identifying the different parts of their own situation and putting all of that information together in a format that they can understand.To really get your students to write their master's thesis, this guide is a must read. There are plenty of great tips that can help you get your students thinking about what it is that they are trying to say and how to make their essays both powerful and easy to read.The first tip is really an offshoot of how to get your students to write their thesis, but it is still useful. When you are taking your students through the different sections of their chapter, try to get them to think about the kind of people that they hope to attract. This is something that is more specific than simply saying 'all students.'In many cas es, graduate students are from the same area as their professors. Maybe, the student that they're reading this from has a friend who works at the university and is one of their faculty members. If this is the case, they might want to try to be very sensitive to the differences in what the class is like between the different parts of the country.If your graduate students need to read the same college level English paper, they will benefit from this guide to graduate school essays. Sometimes you need to look at the details of an assignment to get it the way that you want it to be. When they see that the university essay sample for graduate school does not have the same formatting, the students will remember that they need to re-write their paper.

Aristotle Essays (510 words) - Virtue, Ancient Greek Law, Aristotle

Aristotle Aristotle discusses the ideal state and citizens. In his ideal state, Aristotle states about the features of citizens and answers the question of who sould be citizen? . The concept of citizen is very important in his ideal state, because according to Aristotle citizens have the fullest sovereign power, and it would be ridiculous to deny their participation in the state management. Aristole's inspiration is from biology. It depends on teleology. Teleology is about purposefullness.Everything has a purpose. So the form of the citizen is like that. Aristotle argues that citizens have a common purpose for the stability of association, because they are the most important part of society. According to Aristotle, a citizen is one who participates in giving judgement and holding office. For citizens membership on juries has no limitation or to be a member of an assembly. But there is no agreement as what constitutes a citizen generally. The citizens will necessarily vary according to the constitution. In a democracy, the all poor people could be citizens; however in an oligarchy the rich people are going to be citizens. It means in an oligarchy only rich people will give judgement and hold office. Aristotle states that resident foreigners and slaves are not citizens. Because citizens are a particular class of men, the others (slaves, foreigners, workers...) don't have the function of ruling and being ruled according to Aristotle. Therefore the occupations of others are different from the citizens.Aristotle makes discrimination in society. Many people couldn't have right to be citizens because of their occupations or situations in society. Aristotle argues some virtues about the citizens and rulers. At first he states that the virtue of the citizen must be in relation with the constitution. There are many types of constitutions. In each constitution there are different virtues. For instance in Aristocracy courage is the main virtue but in monarchy wisdom is the main virtue. So it is hard to explain certain virtues for citizens. With the consideration of circumstances we can say some virtues for citizens. But the most important and main virtue of the citizen is to contribute to the stability of association as it is mentioned. Aristotle states that the virtues of ruler and ruled person are different. He states that the virtue of ruler is practical wisdom and the ruled person should have correct opinion. Of course, the concept of correct opinion should conform to the constitution. According to Aristotle citizens should have so much features ,which are seemed to be impracticable in society. Aristotle argues that citizens should participate in judgement and hold office. That means the good citizen must have the knowledge and ability both to rule and to be ruled. It is very hard to find a citizen who fits these qualifications, because every person can not have the ability to ruling. Aristotle wants to explain the form of citizen with teleology. A citizen should have a purpose for the stability of the association. But I think a citizen should not to be compelled to rule. Bibliography Aristotle politics Philosophy

How To Write Management Essays Correctly

How To Write Management Essays Correctly Management Essay: Writing a Top-Notch Essay Many people perceive management as a study that only CEOs and management professionals should gather knowledge from. This is, however, a wrong thought that should be avoided. Management skills are for everyone, as we all apply it at a particular point in your daily activities. In practice, you can only master this skill less from the books you read, and more in the real world. However, you cannot undermine the strength of your theoretical knowledge as it still applies in mastering management skills. Below I will provide you with step by step processes and tips on how to come up with a strong management essay worth an A+ grade. Basic knowledge for writing a management essay A management essay is meant to test the knowledge of a student on a specific subject in question. It requires critical thinking which requires you to be more creative when crafting your arguments and the whole work altogether. To begin with, read through the prompt and understand what is required of you. Remember that the answers and arguments you put in your essay will assess your knowledge and understanding of the theory aspect of management, and how you will apply it to practice. Below are some key pointers that you need to consider to craft an impressive management essay: The structure of a management essay As an academic assignment, management essay still has to follow a particular format to ensure the presentation has a logical flow of ideas. Here is the structural orientation that you should follow in writing a captivating management essay. a) Introduction Quickly introduce your paper and concisely explain its importance Briefly discuss the aspects that contribute to the topic of discussion Present a well-structured thesis statement. b) Body Paragraphs Introduce each argument in a separate paragraph Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence of your argument The number of paragraphs in the body on your work will depend on the number of arguments to be presented Give supporting evidence for each argument presented Provide a logical transition from one body paragraph to the other c) Conclusion Briefly restate the thesis statement presented at the end of the introductory paragraph Restate in a summative manner. All the main points addressed in your body paragraph Provide proof of the authenticity of your thesis statement in the real-life business sector Tips for writing a management essay After you have read and understood the structure of a management essay, its time to embark on writing it. Below are helpful tips that will enable you to craft a good essay: Introduction Writing an introductory paragraph can be a bit challenging for students who depend on their theoretical knowledge more than the practicalities of the same knowledge. In simple words, management is a practical skill, and you cannot present an introduction based on the theoretical aspect of the coursework. Even though you are required to introduce the topic of discussion briefly, it is also required that you highlight the practical meaning of the topic you are to discuss. When you succeed to hook the reader to your work, give a brief summary of the problem that is to be addressed. Uses between 2-3 sentences to do this, and provide an overview of the aspects you are to support with relevant evidence. Finally, describe your thesis statement which should pose the main argument of your whole work to be discussed further in the body paragraphs Body Paragraphs Each body paragraph should describe a single point of view that is to be argued by the writer. Make sure you have a rough draft of the main point you are to discuss. Also, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that sums up the whole content of the paragraph. This helps the professor in skimming through each paragraph without reading through each sentence. Lastly, remember to use transitional words which will provide a connection from one paragraph to the other. This is important in the making sure your work has a logical flow of ideas thus awarding you with a quality academic score. Conclusion You should know that the conclusion part is a summary of your management essay which should not have any new information other than the o presented in your body paragraphs. The main purpose of the conclusion part is to give the reader a summative text that ensures all addressed points have been substantially argued and a comprehensive answer realized. As always, the conclusion also covers the thesis statement and proves it’s validity to the work you have presented.   Remember to be brief in explaining your points as argued in the body paragraphs to make sure that the reader still remembers and relates to your arguments and perspective in general. Identifying the right sources for your management essay As you work on your paper, remember that as an academic essay, your paper requires you to use credible sources to back up your major points. However, some sources such as Wikipedia are discouraged since it allows any person to edit its articles. Also, keep your distance from blog posts which are mostly written for the sake of entertainment rather than educational purposes, thus not considered valid as per the professional academe requirements. There are several credible sources that you can use. For example, an online magazine such as the New York Times is a reliable source of information. Previously published academic work can be used too, which are available in both online and the institution’s database.   Your local library can also come in handy, although it cannot be considered as the best source for a management essay. Google scholar is also a credible source. Polishing up your essay Proofreading your work is of importance once you finish the writing part of it. This will help you to detect and edit ay form of grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. Form the prompt; make sure you follow the formatting guidelines that have been given. If you fail to follow the instructions given, the professor will be left with no option but deduct a few points from your written work. As for the structuring of your essay as per the various academic styles (APA, MLA, Chicago Turabian), follow the one which you have been instructed by the professor in the prompt. By following the required instructions on the prompt, you are guaranteed of higher grades on your management essay.

How can dissemination of legal information improved the society Essay

How can dissemination of legal information improved the society - Essay Example Individuals will get the concepts of legal rights of preservation, their personal rights and the public rights. For a long period of time people have been leading a miserable life with the main reason being that they do not the rights that they are entitled. This, therefore, led to the study of how dissemination legal information could improve the society. Through the dissemination of legal information, economic development of the society was realized because people got to know of their rights. Knowing of ones’ right equals empowerment. The study was done with the aim of showing the impact of dissemination of legal information in the society. Dissemination of legal information for understanding involves targeting groups that have little or no understanding of the legal information. This is because there is a notion that they can benefit from understanding the legal Information and it is here that they get to know of the rights that they are entitled to. It will be of great sig nificance that these groups have a deeper understanding of the legal information (Danner, 23). Dissemination of Legal Information for Action denotes a modification of practice subsequent from the adoption of merchandises, materials or methods offered by the Legal Information (Zubok & Chuprov, 72). These groups are of great importance as they are those that are in a great position to influence and bring about change in the dissemination of Legal Information. These are the audiences that will need to be well equipped with the proper skills, knowledge and understanding of the legal Information. Based on that, dissemination of legal information can improve the society by conservation all rights that entrusted by law, Contribution to society improvement, and Knowledge of the means that can be used for spread the legal information. To improve the society by disseminating of legal information, people need to know the concept of legal rights preservation. Public rights are the part of the  law  that rules relations between people and the government. Public rights belong to the people  but are justified by political bodies. Examples of public rights entail the public right to use highways and public rights of fishing and navigation (Pearson, 33). Through public rights the society gets improved in aspects such as better citizenship, better citizenship is realized through opportunities to contribute and support nature conservation activities and through education in getting to know the environment around us as a share of formal and informal education contributing to improved citizenship and respect to the environment. Another aspect is sustainable travel through the rights of way we get the safe travel to different places, free traffic routes for recreation and for travel to work or school, or to access services. This enables the improvement of the society, as we are able to move to various places to carry out our different livelihoods and conduct our businesses. T hrough the public rights we get to know of our rights of travel and navigation which immensely contributes to the improvement of the society as people have a right to go to different places to work or even carry out their business where they presume fit or depending on the market. This contributes to well-being of the society which translates to the improvement of the economy (Pearson, 34). Personal rights are legal rights persons have over their own bodies.

Write-up Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write-up - Assignment Example In this manner, it can be suggested that reason-based choices are different from value maximization, because if the marketers had focused on value maximizing aspects such as communicating the hedonic or perceptual values to the customer that they might want to receive from purchasing this product. For such a marketing approach, the marketers would not present comparison of the product against competitors’ product; rather focus on highlighting the performance and enhanced capability through a marketing campaign. The displayed advertisement above is a marketing message by online financial solution provider. The industry of online financial solution provider is newly established and requires less focus on promotion of the brand and urges more research of consumer behavior to increase their knowledge about the products. For this reason, these marketing campaigns are adopted to teaching style where the marketers enable consumers to understand why they should buy a particular product and what differentiated features they would inherit by the purchase of a product of a particular brand and its opportunity cost. Therefore, it can be suggested that the displayed advertisement in this research paper depicts a successful marketing strategy adapted by a financial solution providing company. It is delivering a clear message to the target audience that the company’s product is outstanding against competitors’ product belonging to the similar category. The advertising message delivered in the advertisement displayed initially also facilitates consumers to do the mental accounting for making a purchasing decision. Mental accounting enables individuals to weigh advantages and disadvantages of purchasing a product against the same product of other brands. They calculate the cost opportunity they would be availing from the purchase of the product, the difference in price;

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay We acknowledge with sincere thanks the many people who gave generously of their time to help us with this work. We particularly appreciate the expertise and advice o? ered by Arnon Bentovim, Richard Velleman, Lorna Templeton, Carolyn Davies and Sheena Prentice. The work has been funded by the Department for Education and we thank sta? in the department, particularly Jenny Gray who supported us throughout the work with her interest and valuable comments. The work was assisted by an advisory group whose membership was: Isabella Craig and Jenny Gray (Department for Education); Christine Humphrey (Department of Health) and Sian Rees (NICE); Arnon Bentovim (consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and the Tavistock Clinic); Marian Brandon (reader in social work, University of East Anglia); Carolyn Davies (research advisor, Institute of Education, University of London); Jo Fox (social work consultant, Child-Centred Practice); David Jones (consultant child and family psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry; University of Oxford); Sue McGaw (specialist in learning disabilities, Cornwall Partnership Trust); Sheena Prentice (specialist midwife in substance misuse, Nottingham City PCT); Wendy Rose (The Open University); Lorna Templeton (manager of the Alcohol, Drugs and the Family Research Programme, University of Bath); and Richard Velleman (University of Bath and director of development and research, Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust). Introduction This second edition of Children’s Needs – Parenting Capacity provides an update on the impact of parental problems, such as substance misuse, domestic violence, learning disability and mental illness, on children’s welfare. Research, and in particular the biennial overview reports of serious case reviews (Brandon et al 2008; 2009; 2010), have continued to emphasise the importance of understanding and acting on concerns about children’s safety and welfare when living in households where these types of parental problems are present. Almost three quarters of the children in both this and the 2003-05 study had been living with past or current domestic violence and or parental mental ill health and or substance misuse – often in combination. (Brandon et al 2010, p. 112) These concerns were very similar to those that prompted the ? rst edition of this book, which was commissioned following the emergence of these themes from the Department of Health’s programme of child protection research studies (Department of Health 1995a). These studies had demonstrated that a high level of parental mental illness, problem alcohol and drug abuse and domestic violence were present in families of children who become involved in the child protection system. Research context The 2010 Government statistics for England demonstrate that, as in the 1990s, only a very small proportion of children referred to children’s social care become the subject of a child protection plan (Department for Education 2010b). However, the types of parental problems outlined above are not con? ned to families where a child is the subject of a child protection plan (Brandon et al. 2008, 2009, 2010; Rose and Barnes 2008). In many families children’s health and development are being a? ected by the di? culties their parents are experiencing. The ? ndings from research, however, suggest that services are not always forthcoming. Practically a quarter of referrals to children’s social care resulted in no action being taken (Cleaver and Walker with Meadows 2004). Lord Laming’s progress report (2009) also expressed concerns that referrals to children’s services from other professionals did not always lead to an initial assessment and that ‘much more needs to be done to ensure that the services are as e? ective as possible at working together to achieve positive outcomes for children’ (Lord Laming 2009, p. 9, paragraph 1. 1). Practitioners’ fear of failing to identify a child in need of protection is also a factor driving up the numbers of referrals to children’s social care services which result in no provision of help. ‘This is creating a skewed system that is paying so much attention to identifying cases of abuse 2 Children’s Needs – Parenting Capacity and neglect that it is draining time and resource away from families’ (Munro 2010, p. 6). Munro’s Interim Report (2011) draws attention once again to the highly traumatic experience for children and families who are drawn into the Child Protection system where maltreatment is not found, which leaves them with a fear of asking for help in the future. A ? nding which was identi? ed by earlier research on child protection (Cleaver and Freeman 1995). Evidence from the 1995 child protection research (Department of Health 1995a) indicated that when parents have problems of their own, these may adversely a? ect their capacity to respond to the needs of their children. For example, Cleaver and Freeman (1995) found in their study of suspected child abuse that in more than half of the cases, families were experiencing a number of problems including mental illness or learning disability, problem drinking and drug use, or domestic violence. A similar picture of the di? culties facing families who have been referred to children’s social care services emerges from more recent research (Cleaver and Walker with Meadows 2004). It is estimated that there are 120,000 families experiencing multiple problems, including poor mental health, alcohol and drug misuse, and domestic violence. ‘Over a third of these families have children subject to child protection procedures’ (Munro 2011, p. 30, paragraph 2. 30). Children’s services have the task of identifying children who may need additional services in order to improve their well-being as relating to their: (a) physical and mental health and emotional well-being; (b) protection from harm and neglect; (c) education, training and recreation; (d) the contribution made by them to society; and (e) social and economic well-being. (Section 10(2) of the Children Act 2004) The Common Assessment Framework (Children’s Workforce Development Council 2010) and the Assessment Framework (Department of Health et al. 2000) enable frontline professionals working with children to gain an holistic picture of the child’s world and identify more easily the di? culties children and families may be experiencing. Although research suggests that social workers (Cleaver et al. 2007) and health professionals are equipped to recognise and respond to indications that a child is being, or is likely to be, abused or neglected, there is less evidence in relation to teachers and the police (Daniel et al. 2009). The identi? cation of children’s needs may have improved, but understanding how parental mental illness, learning disabilities, substance misuse and domestic violence a? ect children and families still requires more attention. For example, a small in-depth study found less than half (46%) of the managers in children’s social care, health and the police rated as ‘good’ their understanding of the impact on children of parental substance misuse, although this rose to 61% in relation to the impact of domestic violence (Cleaver et al. 2007). The need for more training on assessing the likelihood of harm to children of parental drug and alcohol misuse Introduction 3 was also highlighted by a survey of 248 newly quali? ed social workers (Galvani and Forrester 2009). A call for more high-quality training on child protection across social care, health and police was also made by Lord Laming (2009). Munro’s review of child protection in exploring ‘why previous well-intentioned reforms have not resulted in the expected level of improvements’ (p. 3) highlighted the ‘unintended consequences of restrictive rules and guidance’, which have left social workers feeling that ‘their professional judgement is not seen as a signi? cant aspect of the social work task; it is no longer an activity which is valued, developed or rewarded’ (Munro 2010, p. 30, paragraph 2. 16). The experience of professionals providing specialist services for adults can support assessments of children in need living with parental mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse or domestic violence. Research, however, shows that in such cases collaboration between adults’ and children’s services at the assessment stage rarely happens (Cleaver et al. 2007; Cleaver and Nicholson 2007) and a lack of relevant information may negatively a? ect the quality of decision making (Bell 2001). An agreed consensus of one another’s roles and responsibilities is essential for agencies to work collaboratively. The evidence provided to the Munro review (2011) found ‘mixed experiences and absence of consensus about how well professionals are understanding one another’s roles and working together’ and argues for ‘thoughtfully designed local agreements between professionals about how best to communicate with each other about their work with a family ’ (Munro 2011, p. 28, paragraph 2. 23). Although research shows that the development of joint protocols and informationsharing procedures support collaborative working between children’s and adults’ services (Cleaver et al. 2007), a survey of 50 English local authorities found only 12% had clear family-focused policies or joint protocols (Community Care 2009).